Evolutionary Considerations on the Emerging Subculture of the E-psychonauts and the Novel Psychoactive Substances: A Comeback to the Shamanism?

Religion and spirituality appear to have co-evolved with a larger hominid brain capable of consciousness and a sense of agency.

Shamans [83] are often selected for having visions or signs from gods whilst going through trance states through a variety of procedures, which typically include hallucinogen/entheogen intake [64]. Religious/shamanic rituals are universally observed in all cultures, hence suggesting an evolutionary origin/survival value [8488], with mild forms of schizophrenia possibly having enhanced shaman’s ability [8991].

Entheogens (etymologically, ‘that which causes God to be within an individual’) are typically psychedelics/hallucinogens [92] which generate transcendental feelings and/or hallucinatory experiences being traditionally inter-preted as spirit visitations [93]. A variety of hallucinogenic mushrooms and plants, such as psilocybin mushrooms, Ayahuasca, peyote, cannabis, Salvia divinorum have been/are being used in rituals by shamans throughout the world [9397]. Interestingly, club drugs (e.g. ecstasy and ketamine) have been associated in dance/party settings with a spiritual awakening of self-awareness; sense of liberation [98], and mystical experiences [99].

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5771049/

The Cambridge Declaration on Consciousness

“In humans, the effect of certain hallucinogens appears to be associated with a disruption in cortical feedforward and feedback processing. Pharmacological interventions in non-human animals with compounds known to affect conscious behavior in humans can lead to similar perturbations in behavior in non-human animals.

In humans, there is evidence to suggest that awareness is correlated with cortical activity, which does not exclude possible contributions by subcortical or early cortical processing, as in visual awareness. Evidence that human and non- human animal emotional feelings arise from homologous subcortical brain networks provide compelling evidence for evolutionarily shared primal affective qualia.”

Humans are not unique in possessing the neurological substrates that generate consciousness. Non-human animals, including all mammals and birds, and many other creatures, including octopuses, also possess these neurological substrates.”

David J. Chalmers, Philosophy of Mind

All states of consciousness in us, as in brutes, are immediately caused by molecular changes of the brain-substance. It seems to me that in men, as in brutes, there is no proof that any state of consciousness is the cause of change in the motion of the matter of the organism.

If these positions are well based, it follows that our mental conditions are simply the symbols in consciousness of the changes which takes place automatically in the organism; and that, to take an extreme illustration, the feeling we call volition is not the cause of a voluntary act, but the symbol of that state of the brain which is the immediate cause of that act. We are conscious automata, endowed with free will in the only intelligible sense of that much-abused term-inasmuch as in many respects we are able to do as we like- but nonetheless parts of the great series of causes and effects which, in unbroken continuity, composes that which is, and has been, and shall be – the sum of existence.

David J. Chalmers, Consciousness Is Just a Feeling

It’s a major point of contention whether consciousness can be reduced to the laws of physics or biology. The philosopher David Chalmers has speculated that consciousness is a fundamental property of nature that’s not reducible to any laws of nature.

I accept that, except for the word “fundamental.” I argue that consciousness is a property of nature, but it’s not a fundamental property. It’s quite easy to argue that there was a big bang very long ago and long after that, there was an emergence of life. If Chalmers’ view is that consciousness is a fundamental property of the universe, it must have preceded even the emergence of life. I know there are people who believe that. But as a scientist, when you look at the weight of the evidence, it’s just so much less plausible that there was already some sort of elementary form of consciousness even at the moment of the Big Bang. That’s basically the same as the idea of God. It’s not really grappling with the problem.

https://nautil.us/issue/98/mind/consciousness-is-just-a-feeling

‘Orch OR’ is the most complete and the most easily falsifiable theory of consciousness

Conscious versus nonconscious I strongly dispute that Orch OR fails to distinguish conscious from non-conscious processes. Under anesthesia Orch OR prevented, non-conscious evoked potentials can continue by

1. membrane and synaptic activities 2. non-quantum microtubule processes 3. Quantum computations in microtubules (‘Orch’) which don’t reach threshold may have sub-conscious influence (e.g., dreams).


Small network criterion Can 10 neuron networks be conscious? With approximately 108 tubulins/neuron (109 tubulins/10 neurons), by t = ħ/EG, 109 tubulins would require 500 msec to reach threshold for a low intensity, low content conscious moment. But microtubule quantum states are shown to persist only 0.1 msec. A 10 neuron network is unlikely to sustain ‘Orch’ for 500 msec, although it’s possible.


Minimization of mysteries Orch OR has been derided for seeming to invoke a mythical ‘law of minimization of mysteries’ to explain both quantum mechanics and consciousness. But wouldn’t ‘Occam’s razor’ favor a ‘minimization of mysteries’? Indeed, Orch OR may also help explain other mysteries including how anesthesia works, the origin and evolution of life, free will, the flow of time, memory, dreams, and how general relativity relates to quantum mechanics.


Conclusion
Spanning disciplines and scale, with high explanatory power, Orch OR is the most complete theory of consciousness. But if quantum interference in microtubules (‘Orch’) cannot be demonstrated, or if demonstrated, proves insensitive to anesthesia, Orch OR will be falsified. Orch OR is the most complete, and most easily falsifiable theory of consciousness.

(source)

The finer scale of consciousness: quantum theory

The nature of consciousness, once the exclusive realm of philosophers, has been, very gradually penetrated by neuroscientists, biologists, and physicists. Consciousness has always been defined as the Hard Problem in all these subjects.

With the emergence of unprecedented devices and the development of multidisciplinary experiments in different research fields, more details of this hard problem have been revealed, especially in quantum mechanics and neuroscientific fields. Quantum computers are considered the brightest new star in the quantum field and increasingly fascinate quantum physicists and information technology specialists. Advances in new materials and cryogenic physics have led to remarkable breakthroughs in quantum computing in recent years. Because quantum mechanics deals with the tiniest constituents of the material world, it seems capable of elucidating numerous unsolved and tough problems. Quantum theory, a branch from the finer scale of consciousness, has been accompanied by numerous controversies since its inception, but abundant proof demonstrated that this theoretical framework is capable of explaining the majority of consciousness problems that traditional neuroscience could not, especially the orchestrated objective reduction (Orch-OR) theory introduced by Penrose and Hameroff.

It was widely accepted that most neuronal communication and information transmission initially occurred on receptors and ligands (especially among synapses in the central nervous system) on the cell membrane, followed by second messengers that broadcast or transfer the information to various parts of the interior cell. Almost all basic studies in neurobiology converge on the various receptors, ligands and signaling pathways. However, are we 100% certain about this prerequisite basis of neuroscience? Rather than the conventional receptors and ligands of the membrane, the principal cellular components of the Orch-OR theory are microtubules that are mostly considered pivotal structures for material transportation, cell movement, mitosis and establishment and maintenance of cell form and function.


To date, this theory has remained one of the most acceptable and continuous theories that covers in detail quantum physics, quantum gravity, quantum information theory, molecular biology, neuroscience, cognitive science, philosophy, and anesthesiology. Additionally, this theory was known to neurobiologists who were interested in the “Hard Problem” as well as physicists and philosophers.
Under the background of rapid development of world computer technology, Hameroff likened the flow of information in the brain to computers in which microtubules were to the brain what transistors were to the computer (40-43). Inspired by this fantastic analogy and Gödel’s incompleteness theorems, in The Emperor’s New Mind (44) published in 1989, Roger Penrose first attached the quantum effect in human cognition. For example, he considered whether consciousness can affect quantum mechanics or vice versa and that quantum mechanics itself might be included in consciousness. Penrose suggested that the “objective collapse”, that is, the collapse and superposition of quantum interference, is a real physical process, similar to the bursting of bubbles (44). Furthermore, consciousness was the product of quantum space-time structure (Figure 2), which was inextricably related to the universe, and the theory describing the relationship between consciousness and the universe was the Orch-OR theory (44). These quantum theories facilitated the emergence of later biological hypotheses of consciousness based on quantum mechanics.

(source)

What Can Consciousness Anomalies Tell Us about Quantum Mechanics? By George R. Williams

In this paper I explore the link between consciousness and quantum mechanics. Often, explanations that invoke consciousness to help explain some of the most perplexing aspects of quantum mechanics are not given serious attention.

However, casual dismissal is perhaps unwarranted, given the persistence of the measurement problem, as well as the mysterious nature of consciousness. Using data accumulated from experiments in parapsychology, I examine what anomalous data with respect to consciousness might tell us about various explanations of quantum mechanics. I examine three categories of quantum mechanics interpretations that have some promise of fitting with this anomalous data. I conclude that explanations that posit a substratum of reality containing pure information or potentia, along the lines proposed by Bohm and Stapp, offer the best fit for various categories of this data.

The paradoxical nature of quantum mechanics virtually assures that any explanation invokes a theoretical construction that clashes with our accustomed view of the world. As a result we have Schrödinger’s Cat or Everett’s interpretation that every possibility implied by the standard waveform is manifested. Against these sorts of alternatives, an explanation that posits links between consciousness and matter may not appear so radical. And while many of the hows and whats of consciousness remain unanswered, it nevertheless possesses a significant virtue that other alternatives lack: It is not merely a theoretical construction. The existence of consciousness, however mysterious, cannot be doubted.

Arguably, the various explanations for quantum mechanics can be grouped into three categories: collapse explanations, relative states (or many worlds) interpretations, and theories that depend on hidden variables or orders. The best-known collapse model is the conventional or Copenhagen interpretation, developed primarily by Bohr and Heisenberg. Numerous experiments have confirmed the validity of its mathematical rules. The Copenhagen interpretation frames a given quantum system as a wave function that represents a superposition of possible vector states of the system. Unlike classical systems, quantum systems are essentially probabilistic, with no way to predict which possible state will eventually manifest. According to Copenhagen, the wave function evolves smoothly in time until a measurement leads to the collapse of the waveform into the state that is observed.

Von Neumann’s (1932) formal analysis of the measurement problem acknowledged the crucial role that the observer played with the waveform collapse. More explicit arguments that consciousness itself causes the waveform collapse were made by Wigner (1967). Stapp (1993) invoked Von Neumann’s framework to investigate waveform collapse within the brain. Stapp proposed that the microscopic dimensions within neurons create quantum uncertainty, leading to a cloud of possible neurological states within the brain. According to Stapp, consciousness selects from possible brain states the one that is congruent with personal experience.

Penrose (1989, 1994) also explores a theory of objective collapse, which in this case requires substantial innovation across a number of challenging areas, including quantum gravity, consciousness, and the neurological structures within the brain. Collaborations with Hameroff have led to a proposed model (Hameroff & Penrose 1996) in which conscious experience emerges from a sort of quantum computing within the brain’s microtubules. That is, the brain’s microtubules sustain coherent superposition of quantum states. Consciousness results through the gravitation-induced collapse of these states. Tegmark (2000) has argued that the brain’s warm temperatures do not allow a sustained quantum collapse for the duration of time required for neural processing. However, Hagan, Hameroff, and Tuszynski (2002) have replied that under reasonable conditions, the superposition within microtubules might be sustained within the brain.

If we somehow get past this problem, another concern arises: how do we extract meaningful information? Hameroff and Penrose developed a sophisticated model within the brain describing networks of microtubules in coherent superposition, through which our conscious experience emerges. Another class of mind–matter experiment uses Young’s double-slit appa- ratus, perhaps the best-known experiment showing quantum mechanical effects, as a framework for testing.

Quantum mechanics is arguably the most successful theory in physics. Yet it remains the most mysterious one as well. The heart of the mystery is the measurement problem, the transition from the evolution of subatomic particles described by the Schrödinger equation to the results observed in experiments. After nearly a century of experimentation and debate, no consensus among physicists has emerged, and virtually all interpretations depart from classical physics, as well as from common sense reality. And yet the standard (Copenhagen) interpretation fits the data so well, with no apparent anomalies, that making a breakthrough in understanding may be very difficult.

(source)

Raul Marino Júnior A Religião do Cérebro: as novas descobertas da neurociência a respeito da fé humana [original in Portuguese]

Agostinho, um dos mais importantes teólogos da Igreja no século V, acreditava que a imagem de Deus residia não na capacidade para pensamento abstrato, mas naquela para o autoconhecimento, a introspecção e a memória.

Experiências ditas religiosas ou espirituais, levam-nos a inferir que, relativamente à existência de Deus, o único lugar onde Ele poderia revelar-se para nós seria no emaranhado de vias neurais e estruturas fisiológicas de nosso cérebro.

A física quântica tem revolucionado os conceitos tradicionais de um mundo material e manifesto, que denominamos de espaço real, afirmando, por exemplo, que partículas podem se propagar como se fossem ondas e vice-versa, podendo, portanto, ser consideradas uma função quântica. Assim, experiências têm demonstrado que a luz pode se comportar como partículas ou fótons e, em outros experimentos, como ondas, sendo verdadeiros ambos os achados. Desse modo, de acordo com Niels Bohr, ondas e partículas são aspectos complementares da luz e da mesma “realidade”, descoberta que lhe valeu o Prêmio Nobel de Física em 1922. À velocidade da luz, tanto a velocidade de uma partícula como a de uma onda são idênticas. Mas, quanto mais lenta é a partícula, mais rápida é a velocidade da onda e, quando a partícula pára, a velocidade da onda torna-se infinita. O espaço-fase, invisível, gera eventos que podem ser localizados no tempo-espaço contínuo ou mundo manifesto — espaço real — e, portanto, visível. Assim, tudo o que é visível emana do que é invisível.

De acordo com S. Hameroff e R. Penrose (1995), os microtúbulos dos neurônios podem processar informações geradas por padrões auto-organizadores, produzindo estados coerentes, que poderiam explicar a possibilidade de experimentarmos pensamentos e consciência (ver Fig. 8). H. Romijn (2002) concluiu que campos eletromagnéticos em constante mudança, a partir de redes neuronais, podem ser considerados fenômenos de coerência quântica biológica e, possivelmente, “suportes” elementares da consciência.

É certo que a física quântica não tem explicação para a “essência” da consciência nem para o segredo da vida, mas nos ajuda a entender a transição de campos de consciência do espaço-fase para o mundo material, em cujo processo o córtex serve apenas como uma estação intermediária para partes da consciência e das memórias a serem recebidas pela consciência desperta.

Neste conceito, os autores citados afirmam que essa atividade — a transição da consciência do espaço-fase para o tempo-espaço contínuo — não se baseia em um substrato físico e comparam o campo da consciência à internet, a qual não se origina no interior do computador, mas é apenas recebida por ele. De acordo com essa hipótese, a vida cria a possibilidade de recebermos os campos da consciência na forma de ondas ou de informação em nossa consciência desperta, que pertence ao corpo físico e é constituída de partículas. O aspecto físico da consciência no mundo material se origina no aspecto de ondas da consciência no espaço-fase, por colapso da função ondulatória em partículas (redução objetiva), aspecto esse que pode ser medido e comprovado por magnetoencefalograma, eletroencefalograma, ressonância magnética e PET scanner. Esse novo conceito de “colapso da função das ondas” é vital para a compreensão desses fenômenos tão complexos.

O aspecto ondulatório de nossa consciência indestrutível no espaço-fase, sem interconexões locais, não pode ser medido por meios ou processos físicos. Segundo os autores, quando morremos, nossa consciência deixa de ter o aspecto de partículas para assumir o eterno aspecto de ondas. Com esse novo conceito sobre consciência, tanto a relação mente-cérebro quanto os fenômenos de EQM durante paradas cardíacas podem ser explicados. Segundo esses conceitos, o DNA do corpo funcionaria como uma antena quântica ou uma cadeia de bits quânticos (qubits) providos de uma torção helicoidal, funcionando como um aparato supercondutor de interferência quântica.

Os autores ilustram essa assertiva citando casos em que um receptor de transplante cardíaco recebe um coração com DNA diferente do seu e algumas vezes experimenta pensamentos e sensações novos e estranhos que, mais tarde, passam a combinar com o caráter e a consciência do doador já falecido.
É interessante estabelecer uma comparação entre esses fenômenos quânticos e os meios corriqueiros de comunicação através dos campos eletromagnéticos dos aparelhos de rádio, TV, telefones celulares, laptops e outros equipamentos sem fio. Não tomamos consciência da vastíssima quantidade de campos eletromagnéticos que constantemente atravessam nosso corpo, paredes e edifícios. Somente nos damos conta deles no momento em que ligamos um desses aparelhos e passamos a detectá-los sob a forma de imagem ou som, no momento em que conseqüências de causas que nos são invisíveis se tornam observáveis aos nossos sentidos e sua percepção atinge nossa consciência.
As imagens e os sons não estão dentro dos aparelhos nem a internet está dentro de computadores. Ao desligá-los, a recepção desaparece, mas a transmissão continua e a informação permanece nos campos eletromagnéticos.
Segundo a teoria da continuidade da consciência de Van Lommel, se a função do cérebro fosse perdida, como na morte clínica ou cerebral, as memórias e a consciência continuariam a existir, perdendo-se apenas a recepção pela interrupção da conexão. Ao tempo da morte física, a consciência continuaria a existir e a ser experimentada em outra dimensão, num mundo não-visível e imaterial — o espaço-fase — que contém o passado, o presente e o futuro. Infelizmente, os estudos de EQM não podem ainda fornecer provas irrefutáveis dessas conclusões. Afinal, esses pacientes não morreram, apenas estiveram muito perto da morte, por uma parada momentânea do funcionamento do cérebro. Resta-nos, então, a conclusão de que a consciência pode ser experimentada independentemente do funcionamento cerebral, o que poderá futuramente acarretar uma enorme mudança nos paradigmas da medicina, surgindo a possibilidade de se admitir que a morte, assim como o nascimento, constitui meramente a passagem de um estado de consciência para outro.

NEUROIMAGEM

A aquisição de imagens computadorizadas do cérebro humano por meio da tomografia computadorizada e da ressonância magnética tem nos fornecido imagens que nos permitem examinar esse órgão como se fosse uma peça anatômica em nossas mãos, excelência da exatidão dessas imagens radiológicas. Essa tecnologia trouxe progresso à neurologia, à psiquiatria e à neurocirurgia, permitindo o diagnóstico de lesões, tumores e outras doenças que, há duas ou três décadas, não seria possível.

Essas imagens, puramente anatômicas, associadas agora a exames funcionais do cérebro humano realizados por meio de radioisótopos, como o single photon emission computed tomography (Spect) e o positron emission tomography (PET), têm nos permitido realizar outros estudos além dos de anatomia. Com esses recursos, podemos registrar o funcionamento do cérebro durante convulsões, nas epilepsias, detectar seu fluxo sanguíneo, seu metabolismo, a ação dos neurotransmissores durante a atividade mental e neuropsiquátrica nas doenças e no cérebro normal e monitorar as funções de todas as áreas do cérebro durante as atividades motoras, sensoriais, comportamentais e cognitivas. Hoje esses registros constituem as bases para as pesquisas nas ciências neurocognitivas. Nas telas desses aparelhos, podemos determinar com precisão — e em cores — as áreas cerebrais envolvidas na elaboração e no entendimento da linguagem, assim como as áreas visuais e auditivas, a recepção e a sensação dos fenômenos dolorosos e as sensações superficiais e profundas. A ressonância magnética funcional (fMRI) também tem proporcionado dados impressionantemente precisos sobre o mapeamento funcional dessas várias áreas.

Newberg e outros pesquisadores (2001) têm utilizado especificamente o Spect, por ser mais simples, para o estudo da fenomenologia cerebral durante a prática de atividades espirituais em monges budistas voluntários e em freiras de clausura, dedicadas à vida monástica contemplativa, sobretudo durante estados de meditação profunda.

Nesse estudo, os autores encontraram um aumento importante do fluxo cerebral mapeado bilateralmente no córtex dos lobos frontais do cérebro, nos giros cíngulos e em ambos os tálamos. Em contrapartida, detectaram um decréscimo desse fluxo nos lobos parietais superiores, bilateralmente — o esquerdo, em geral, era mais afetado que o direito.

Em outros estudos de imagem cerebral, Lazar et al. (2000) utilizaram o exame de fMRI e Herzog et al. (1990-91), o PET scanner. Em ambos os casos, demonstrou-se aumento de atividade nas áreas frontais, sobretudo no córtex pré-frontal, concomitantemente à diminuição nas regiões parietais, coincidindo, portanto, com os achados de Newberg, que utilizou o spect.

Transcutaneous Auricular Vagal Nerve Stimulation and Disorders of Consciousness- A Hypothesis for Mechanisms of Action

Three important structures have been described as cornerstone in consciousness: the ascending reticular activating system (ARAS), the thalamus and the posterior cingulate cortex. First, the upper brainstem is a main structure involved in arousal and awareness. As previously named by Moruzzi and Magoun (19), the ARAS is divided in four groups of nuclei: (1) the classical reticular nuclei (the nucleus cuneiforme, the deep mesencephalic nucleus, part of the pedonculo-pontine tegmental nucleus, and the pontis oralis nucleus), which send projections to the basal ganglia, the hypothalamus (20) and the intra-laminar thalamic nuclei (21), and then project to the cortex through the glutamate pathway; (2) the monoaminergic neurotransmitter system, which involves the locus coeruleus with norepinephrine (NE), the raphe nuclei with serotonin and the substantia nigra and ventral tegmental area with dopamine. This system directly targets the whole forebrain [cortex and subcortex—(22)]; (3) the cholinergic nuclei which include pedunculopontine and laterodorsal tegmental nuclei and project toward several thalamic nuclei and to the basal forebrain; and (4) the autonomic nuclei (parabrachial nucleus and periaqueductal gray matter) which targets the intra-laminar thalamic nuclei, the basal forebrain and other brainstem nuclei (23). Altogether, the ARAS has a main effect on wakefulness and vigilance (19, 24) and autonomic functions (25).
The thalamus is the second important structure involved in consciousness. It presents a complex architecture of nuclei organized as follows: from lateral to medial and from ventral to dorsal. Several specific thalamic relay nuclei communicate with the cortex according to their sensory and motor functions, and are a cornerstone of the contents of consciousness (23). Other thalamic nuclei project widely influence arousal and control the level of consciousness (23). Studies have shown that simultaneous bilateral thalamic infarction, as observed in the bilateral paramedian thalamic artery infarction or in the occlusion of the artery of Percheron, can induce a transient loss of consciousness at the onset of a stroke (26, 27). This temporary loss of consciousness shows that the thalamus is likely one of the primary sources for the ascending control of arousal.
Finally, the posterior cingulate cortex (PCC) is located in the medial part of the inferior parietal lobe and lies within the posteromedial cortex, which also includes the precuneal and retrosplenial cortices (28). This group of structures has been reported as the most metabolically active measured with fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) PET-scan (29) during resting state (i.e., not performing any task) in healthy persons. The metabolic activity of these structures, using FDG-PET-scan, has also been associated to the level of consciousness in patients with DoC (30).

source

Research on Experiences Related to the Possibility of Consciousness Beyond the Brain: A Bibliometric Analysis of Global Scientific Output – The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease


This study aims to conduct a search of publications investigating experiences commonly associated with the possibility of the existence of a consciousness independent of the brain held on the main scientific databases that are Pubmed, Web of Knowledge, PsycINFO, Science Direct, and Scopus.

Of the 9065 articles retrieved, 1954 were included (598 near-death experiences, 223 out-of-body experiences, 56 end-of-life experiences, 224 possession, 244 memories suggestive of past lives, 565 mediumship, 44 others). Over the decades, there was an evident increase in the number of articles on all the areas of the field, with the exception of studies on mediumship that showed a decline during the late 20th century and subsequent rise in the early 21st century. Regarding the types of articles found, with the exception of past-life memories and end-of-life experiences (mostly original studies), publications were predominantly review articles. The articles were published in journals with an impact factor similar to other areas of science.

Surge of neurophysiological coherence and connectivity in the dying brain

Jimo Borjigin, UnCheol Lee, […], and George A. Mashour

These data demonstrate that cardiac arrest stimulates a transient and global surge of synchronized gamma oscillations, which display high levels of interregional coherence and feedback connectivity as well as cross-frequency coupling with both theta and alpha waves. Each of these properties of gamma oscillations indicates a highly aroused brain, and collectively, the data suggest that the mammalian brain has the potential for high levels of internal information processing during clinical death. The neural correlates of conscious brain activity identified in this investigation strongly parallel characteristics of human conscious information processing. Predictably, these correlates decreased during general anesthesia. The return of these neural correlates of conscious brain activity after cardiac arrest at levels exceeding the waking state provides strong evidence for the potential of heightened cognitive processing in the near-death state. Though neurophysiology at the moment of cardiac arrest has not been systematically studied in human cardiac arrest survivors, surges of electroencephalographic activity (measured by bispectral index) have been reported in humans undergoing organ donation after cardiac death. The consistent finding of a high-frequency EEG surge reflecting organized neurophysiologic activity in nine of nine rats undergoing cardiac arrest should prompt further studies in humans. Importantly, the essential results of increased gamma power and coherence were confirmed with an alternative mode of death. Use of these unique experimental paradigms will allow detailed mechanistic dissection of neurophysiology of the dying brain in animal models, which could provide guidance for research on NDE after cardiac arrest in humans.

NDE represents a biological paradox that challenges our understanding of the brain and has been advocated as evidence for life after death and for a noncorporeal basis of human consciousness, based on the unsupported belief that the brain cannot possibly be the source of highly vivid and lucid conscious experiences during clinical death. By presenting evidence of highly organized brain activity and neurophysiologic features consistent with conscious processing at near-death, we now provide a scientific framework to begin to explain the highly lucid and realer-than-real mental experiences reported by near-death survivors.

(Source)

The Cambridge Declaration on Consciousness

“In humans, the effect of certain hallucinogens appears to be associated with a disruption in cortical feedforward and feedback processing. Pharmacological interventions in non-human animals with compounds known to affect conscious behavior in humans can lead to similar perturbations in behavior in non-human animals. In humans, there is evidence to suggest that awareness is correlated with cortical activity, which does not exclude possible contributions by subcortical or early cortical processing, as in visual awareness. Evidence that human and non- human animal emotional feelings arise from homologous subcortical brain networks provide compelling evidence for evolutionarily shared primal affective qualia.”

“Muito Paz e harmonia para com toda a obra da criacao. Esteja ela onde estiver. O mistério sagrado da existencia, so hoje eu o advinho. Ao ver que a alma tem a mesma essência. Quer guarde um berço, quer guarde um ninho.” Guerra Junqueira, O Melro (original in Portuguese)

Superior Colliculus, vision, mind, self

The superior colliculus is an important provider of visual maps and even has the ability to relate those visual maps to auditory and body-base maps. The inferior colliculus is dedicated to auditory processing. The activity of the superior colliculi may be a precursor of the mind and self processes that later blossom in the cerebral cortices.